Email spoofer

<!--  Email Spoofer v0.0.1 | MIT License | github.com/ShubhamBadal/email-spoofer  -->

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
	<title>Direct Mailer</title>
</head>
<body>
	
	<?php

	/* CONFIGURE PHP IF NEEDED */
	// ini_set("sendmail_from","$fromFull");
	// ini_set("SMTP","mail.smtp2go.com");
	// ini_set('smtp_port',2525);
	// ini_set('username',"snake");
	// ini_set('password',"cobra");


	// COMPOSE
	$to      = 'angelina@jolie.com';
	$subject = 'Hey, I am sorry.';
	$message = 'I want to meet you!';
	

	// BASIC HEADER
	$headers = 'From: brad@pitt.com' . "\r\n" .
	   	   	   'Reply-To: brad@pitt.com' . "\r\n" .
	    	   'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();
	
	
	// SEND AND SHOW MESSAGE
	if (mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers)) echo $headers.'<h1>Mail sent!</h1>';
	else echo '<h1>Something went wrong...</h1>';
	

	// FULL HEADER
	// $headers  = "From: testsite < mail@testsite.com >\n";
	// $headers .= "Cc: testsite < mail@testsite.com >\n"; 
	// $headers .= "X-Sender: testsite < mail@testsite.com >\n";
	// $headers .= 'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();
	// $headers .= "X-Priority: 1\n";
	// $headers .= "Return-Path: mail@testsite.com\n";
	// $headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n";
	// $headers .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\n";

    ?>
	
</body>
</html>

<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Direct Mailer</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

/* CONFIGURE PHP IF NEEDED */

// ini_set("sendmail_from","$fromFull");

// ini_set("SMTP","mail.smtp2go.com");

// ini_set('smtp_port',2525);

// ini_set('username',"snake");

// ini_set('password',"cobra");

// COMPOSE

$to = 'angelina@jolie.com';

$subject = 'Hey, I am sorry.';

$message = 'I want to meet you!';

// BASIC HEADER

$headers = 'From: brad@pitt.com' . "\r\n" .

'Reply-To: brad@pitt.com' . "\r\n" .

'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();

// SEND AND SHOW MESSAGE

if (mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers)) echo $headers.'<h1>Mail sent!</h1>';

else echo '<h1>Something went wrong...</h1>';

// FULL HEADER

// $headers = "From: testsite < mail@testsite.com >\n";

// $headers .= "Cc: testsite < mail@testsite.com >\n";

// $headers .= "X-Sender: testsite < mail@testsite.com >\n";

// $headers .= 'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();

// $headers .= "X-Priority: 1\n";

// $headers .= "Return-Path: mail@testsite.com\n";

// $headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n";

// $headers .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\n";

</body>

</html>

<!--  Email Spoofer v0.0.1 | MIT License | github.com/ShubhamBadal/email-spoofer  -->

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
	<title>Form Mailer</title>
</head>
<body>

	<?php

	/* FETCH FROM HTML */
	$fromName=$_POST['fromname'];
	$fromEmail=$_POST['fromemail'];
	$replytoName=$_POST['replytoname'];
	$replytoEmail=$_POST['replytoemail'];
	$toEmail=$_POST['to'];
	$subjectText=$_POST['subject'];
	$messageText=$_POST['message'];


	// CREATE FULL FIELDS (NAME + EMAIL)
	$fromFull 	=  $fromName . ' <'.$fromEmail.'> ';
	$replytoFull 	=  $replytoName . ' <'.$replytoEmail.'> ';

	
	/* CONFIGURE PHP IF NEEDED */
	// ini_set("sendmail_from","$fromFull");
	// ini_set("SMTP","mail.smtp2go.com");
	// ini_set('smtp_port',2525);
	// ini_set('username',"snake");
	// ini_set('password',"cobra");
	

	// COMPOSE
	$to      = $toEmail;
	$subject = $subjectText;
	$message = $messageText;


	// BASIC HEADER
	// $headers =	'From: '.$fromFull . "\r\n" .
	//    	   		'Reply-To: '.$replytoFull . "\r\n" .
	//    	   		'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();


	// FULL HEADER
	$headers  = "From: ".$fromFull . "\r\n";
	$headers .= "Reply-To: ".$replytoFull . "\r\n";
	// $headers .= "To: Mary <mary@example.com>, Kelly <kelly@example.com>" . "\r\n";
	// $headers .= "Cc: sendacopy@here.com" . "\r\n";
	// $headers .= "Bcc: sendablindcopy@here.com" . "\r\n";
	// $headers .= "X-Sender: testsite < mail@testsite.com >" . "\r\n";
	// $headers .= "Return-Path: " . $fromFull . "\r\n";
	// $headers .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" . "\r\n";
	$headers .= "X-Mailer: PHP/" . phpversion() . "\r\n";
	$headers .= "X-Priority: 1" . "\r\n";
	$headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0" . "\r\n";
	


	// SEND AND SHOW MESSAGE
	if (mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers)) echo $headers.'<h1>Mail sent!</h1>';
	else echo '<h1>Something went wrong...</h1>';


	// DEBUGGING MODE
	// echo $fromFull;
	// echo $replytoFull;
	// echo $header;


	// REDIRECT TO PREVIOUS PAGE AFTER SENDING
	// header('Location: ' . $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);

	?>

</body>
</html>

<!doctype html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Form Mailer</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

/* FETCH FROM HTML */

$fromName=$_POST['fromname'];

$fromEmail=$_POST['fromemail'];

$replytoName=$_POST['replytoname'];

$replytoEmail=$_POST['replytoemail'];

$toEmail=$_POST['to'];

$subjectText=$_POST['subject'];

$messageText=$_POST['message'];

// CREATE FULL FIELDS (NAME + EMAIL)

$fromFull = $fromName . ' <'.$fromEmail.'> ';

$replytoFull = $replytoName . ' <'.$replytoEmail.'> ';

/* CONFIGURE PHP IF NEEDED */

// ini_set("sendmail_from","$fromFull");

// ini_set("SMTP","mail.smtp2go.com");

// ini_set('smtp_port',2525);

// ini_set('username',"snake");

// ini_set('password',"cobra");

// COMPOSE

$to = $toEmail;

$subject = $subjectText;

$message = $messageText;

// BASIC HEADER

// $headers = 'From: '.$fromFull . "\r\n" .

// 'Reply-To: '.$replytoFull . "\r\n" .

// 'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();

// FULL HEADER

$headers = "From: ".$fromFull . "\r\n";

$headers .= "Reply-To: ".$replytoFull . "\r\n";

// $headers .= "To: Mary <mary@example.com>, Kelly <kelly@example.com>" . "\r\n";

// $headers .= "Cc: sendacopy@here.com" . "\r\n";

// $headers .= "Bcc: sendablindcopy@here.com" . "\r\n";

// $headers .= "X-Sender: testsite < mail@testsite.com >" . "\r\n";

// $headers .= "Return-Path: " . $fromFull . "\r\n";

// $headers .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" . "\r\n";

$headers .= "X-Mailer: PHP/" . phpversion() . "\r\n";

$headers .= "X-Priority: 1" . "\r\n";

$headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0" . "\r\n";

// SEND AND SHOW MESSAGE

if (mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers)) echo $headers.'<h1>Mail sent!</h1>';

else echo '<h1>Something went wrong...</h1>';

// DEBUGGING MODE

// echo $fromFull;

// echo $replytoFull;

// echo $header;

// REDIRECT TO PREVIOUS PAGE AFTER SENDING

// header('Location: ' . $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);

</body>

</html>

Designing Humane Web Experiences | Vitaly Friedman

Experimental: Dies ist eine experimentelle Technologie
Da diese Technologie noch nicht definitiv implementiert wurde, sollte die Browserkompatibilität beachtet werden. Es ist auch möglich, dass die Syntax in einer späteren Spezifikation noch geändert wird.

Das image-rendering CSS Property schlägt dem user agent vor, wie er eingebundene Bilder darstellen sollte. Dieses Property gilt für alle Bilder welche einem HTML untergeordnet sind, betrifft allerdings nur skalierte Bilder. Wenn ein Bild zum Beispiel 100x1000px groß ist, es aber mit einer Größe von 200x200px eingebunden wird, so Rechnet der Browser nach dem durch das Property festgelegten Algorythmus um.

Initialwert	`auto`
Anwendbar auf	alle Elemente
Vererbt	Ja
Berechneter Wert	wie angegeben
Animationstyp	diskret

auto <a title="Einfacher Balken: Genau eine der Entitäten muss angegeben werden" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/de/docs/Web/CSS/Value_definition_syntax#einfacher_balken">|</a> crisp-edges <a title="Einfacher Balken: Genau eine der Entitäten muss angegeben werden" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/de/docs/Web/CSS/Value_definition_syntax#einfacher_balken">|</a> pixelated

auto <a title="Einfacher Balken: Genau eine der Entitäten muss angegeben werden" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/de/docs/Web/CSS/Value_definition_syntax#einfacher_balken">|</a> crisp-edges <a title="Einfacher Balken: Genau eine der Entitäten muss angegeben werden" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/de/docs/Web/CSS/Value_definition_syntax#einfacher_balken">|</a> pixelated

image-rendering: auto
image-rendering: crisp-edges
image-rendering: pixelated

image-rendering: inherit

image-rendering: auto

image-rendering: crisp-edges

image-rendering: pixelated

image-rendering: inherit

auto: Default value, the image should be scaled with an algorithm that maximizes the appearance of the image. In particular, scaling algorithms that “smooth” colors are acceptable, such as bilinear interpolation. This is intended for images such as photos. Since version 1.9 (Firefox 3.0), Gecko uses bilinear resampling (high quality).

crisp-edges: The image must be scaled with an algorithm that preserves contrast and edges in the image, and which does not smooth colors or introduce blur to the image in the process. This is intended for images such as pixel art.
pixelated: When scaling the image up, the “nearest neighbor” or similar algorithm must be used, so that the image appears to be composed of large pixels. When scaling down, this is the same as ‘auto’.

The values optimizeQuality and optimizeSpeed present in early draft (and coming from its SVG counterpart) are defined as synonyms for the auto value.

<span class="token comment">/* applies to GIF and PNG images; avoids blurry edges */</span>

<span class="token selector">img[src$=".gif"], img[src$=".png"]</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
                   image-rendering<span class="token punctuation">:</span> -moz-crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>         <span class="token comment">/* Firefox */</span>
                   <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>   -o-crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>         <span class="token comment">/* Opera */</span>
                   <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> -webkit-optimize-contrast<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">/* Webkit (non-standard naming) */</span>
                   <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                   <span class="token property">-ms-interpolation-mode</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> nearest-neighbor<span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">/* IE (non-standard property) */</span>
                 <span class="token punctuation">}</span>


				
					
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						<span class="token comment">/* applies to GIF and PNG images; avoids blurry edges */</span>
 
<span class="token selector">img[src$=".gif"], img[src$=".png"]</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
                   image-rendering<span class="token punctuation">:</span> -moz-crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>         <span class="token comment">/* Firefox */</span>
                   <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>   -o-crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>         <span class="token comment">/* Opera */</span>
                   <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> -webkit-optimize-contrast<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">/* Webkit (non-standard naming) */</span>
                   <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                   <span class="token property">-ms-interpolation-mode</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> nearest-neighbor<span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">/* IE (non-standard property) */</span>
                 <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
 
 

					

			

<span class="token selector">div</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token url"><span class="token function">url</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chessboard.gif<span class="token punctuation">)</span></span> no-repeat 50% 50%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> -moz-crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>         <span class="token comment">/* Firefox */</span>
        <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>   -o-crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>         <span class="token comment">/* Opera */</span>
        <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> -webkit-optimize-contrast<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">/* Webkit (non-standard naming) */</span>
        <span class="token property">image-rendering</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> crisp-edges<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">-ms-interpolation-mode</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> nearest-neighbor<span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">/* IE (non-standard property) */</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

div {

background: url(chessboard.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;

image-rendering: -moz-crisp-edges; /* Firefox */

image-rendering: -o-crisp-edges; /* Opera */

image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast;/* Webkit (non-standard naming) */

image-rendering: crisp-edges;

-ms-interpolation-mode: nearest-neighbor; /* IE (non-standard property) */

}

image-rendering: auto;

78% 100% 138% downsized upsized

image-rendering: pixelated; (-ms-interpolation-mode: nearest-neighbor)

78% 100% 138% downsized upsized

image-rendering: crisp-edges; (-webkit-optimize-contrast)

78% 100% 138% downsized upsized

Specification	Status	Comment
CSS Images Module Level 3 Die Definition von ‘image-rendering’ in dieser Spezifikation.	Anwärter Empfehlung

Though initially close from the SVG image-rendering property, the values are quite different now.

Source: https://developer.mozilla.org/de/docs/Web/CSS/image-rendering

The Heider-Simmer Illusion

The Heider-Simmel Illusion (1944)
see also entry on CSS3 easing (movement of objects on the web)

Helton, G.. (2018). Visually perceiving the intentions of others. Philosophical Quarterly

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/pq/pqx051
DOI URL
directSciHub download

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“I argue that we sometimes visually perceive the intentions of others. just as we can see something as blue or as moving to the left, so too can we see someone as intending to evade detection or as aiming to traverse a physical obstacle. i consider the typical subject presented with the heider and simmel movie, a widely studied ‘animacy’ stimulus, and i argue that this subject mentally attributes proximal intentions to some of the objects in the movie. i further argue that these attributions are unrevisable in a certain sense and that this result can be used to as part of an argument that these attributions are not post-perceptual thoughts. finally, i suggest that if these attributions are visual experiences, and more particularly visual illusions, their unrevisability can be satisfyingly explained, by appealing to the mechanisms which underlie visual illusions more generally.”

Rasmussen, C. E., & Jiang, Y. V.. (2019). Judging social interaction in the Heider and Simmel movie. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1747021819838764
DOI URL
directSciHub download

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“Simple displays of moving shapes can give rise to percepts of animacy. these films elicit impoverished narratives in some individuals, such as those with an autism spectrum disorder. however, the verbal demand of producing a narrative limits the utility of this task. non-verbal tasks have so far focused on detecting animate objects. lacking from previous research is a task that relies less on verbal description but more than animacy perception. here, we presented data using a new social interaction judgement task. healthy young adults viewed the heider and simmel movie and pressed one button whenever they perceived social interaction and another button when no social interaction was perceived. we measured the time points at which social judgement began, the fluctuation of the judgement in relation to stimulus kinematic properties, and the overall mean of social judgement. participants with higher autism traits reported lower levels of social interaction. reversing the film in time produced lower social interaction judgements, though the temporal profile was preserved. our study suggests that both low-level motion characteristics and high-level understanding contribute to social interaction judgement. the finding may facilitate future research on other populations and stimulate computational vision work on factors that drive social judgements.”

Schafroth, J. L., Basile, B. M., Martin, A., & Murray, E. A.. (2021). No evidence that monkeys attribute mental states to animated shapes in the Heider–Simmel videos. Scientific Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82702-6
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Show/hide publication abstract

“Human theory of mind (tom) is so automatic and pervasive that we spontaneously attribute mental states to animated abstract shapes, as evidenced by the classic heider–simmel findings. the extent to which this represents a fundamental characteristic of primate social cognition is debated. prior research suggests that monkeys spontaneously predict behavior and attribute basic goals to conspecifics, but it remains unclear whether, like humans, they spontaneously ascribe mental states to animated shapes. here, we address this question by analyzing rhesus monkeys’ viewing patterns of the classic heider–simmel animations. we hypothesized that if rhesus monkeys also spontaneously attribute mental states to animated shapes, then, like humans, they would have the longest fixation durations for theory of mind animations, medium duration fixation for goal-directed animations, and shortest fixations for animations with random motion. in contrast, if attributing mental states to animations is specific to humans and perhaps other apes, then we predict no differences in looking time across animation categories. unlike humans, monkeys did not fixate longer on tom videos. critically, monkeys’ viewing patterns did not correlate with humans’ viewing patterns or intentionality ratings from previously published research. the only major difference in viewing patterns between animation categories tracked differences in low-level visual motion. thus, monkeys do not view the classic heider–simmel animations like humans do and we found no evidence that they spontaneously attribute mental states to animated shapes.”

Ratajska, A., Brown, M. I., & Chabris, C. F.. (2020). Attributing Social Meaning to Animated Shapes: A New Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior. American Journal of Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.3.0295
DOI URL
directSciHub download

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“In 1944, heider and simmel reported that observers could perceive simple animated geometric shapes as characters with emotions, intentions, and other social attributes. this work has been cited over 3,000 times and has had wide and ongoing influence on the study of social cognition and social intelligence. however, many researchers in this area have continued to use the original heider and simmel black-and-white video. we asked whether the original findings could be reproduced 75 years later by creating 32 new colored animated shape videos designed to depict various social plots and testing whether they can evoke similar spontaneous social attributions. participants (n = 66) viewed our videos and were asked to write narratives which we coded for indicia of different types of social attributions. consistent with heider and simmel, we found that participants spontaneously attributed social meaning to the videos. we observed that responses to our videos were also similar to responses to the original video reported by klin (2000), despite being only 13–23 s and portraying a broader range of social plots. participants varied in how many social attributions they made in response, and the videos varied in how much they elicited such responses. our set of animated shape videos is freely available online for all researchers to use and forms the basis of a multiple-choice assessment of social intelligence (brown et al., 2019).”

Ross, L. A., & Olson, I. R.. (2010). Social cognition and the anterior temporal lobes. NeuroImage

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.012
DOI URL
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“Two distinct literatures have emerged on the functionality of the anterior temporal lobes (atl): in one field, the atls are conceived of as a repository for semantic or conceptual knowledge. in another field, the atls are thought to play some undetermined role in social-emotional functions such as theory of mind. here we attempted to reconcile these distinct functions by assessing whether social semantic processing can explain atl activation in other social cognitive tasks. social semantic functions refer to knowledge about social concepts and rules. in a first experiment we tested the idea that social semantic representations can account for activations in the atl to social attribution stimuli such as heider and simmel animations. left atl activations to heider and simmel stimuli overlapped with activations to social words. in a second experiment we assessed the putative roles of the atls in the processing of narratives and theory of mind content and found evidence for a role of the atls in the processing of theory of mind but not narrative per se. these findings indicate that the atls are part of a neuronal network supporting social cognition and that they are engaged when tasks demand access to social conceptual knowledge. © 2009 elsevier inc. all rights reserved.”

Scholl, B. J., & Tremoulet, P. D.. (2000). Perceptual causality and animacy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01506-0
DOI URL
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“Certain simple visual displays consisting of moving 2-d geometric shapes can give rise to percepts with high-level properties such as causality and animacy. this article reviews recent research on such phenomena, which began with the classic work of michotte and of heider and simmel. the importance of such phenomena stems in part from the fact that these interpretations seem to be largely perceptual in nature – to be fairly fast, automatic, irresistible and highly stimulus driven – despite the fact that they involve impressions typically associated with higher-level cognitive processing. this research suggests that just as the visual system works to recover the physical structure of the world by inferring properties such as 3-d shape, so too does it work to recover the causal and social structure of the world by inferring properties such as causality and animacy. copyright (c) 2000 elsevier science ltd.”

Shu, T., Peng, Y., Fan, L., Lu, H., & Zhu, S. C.. (2018). Perception of Human Interaction Based on Motion Trajectories: From Aerial Videos to Decontextualized Animations. Topics in Cognitive Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/tops.12313
DOI URL
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“People are adept at perceiving interactions from movements of simple shapes, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. previous studies have often used object movements defined by experimenters. the present study used aerial videos recorded by drones in a real-life environment to generate decontextualized motion stimuli. motion trajectories of displayed elements were the only visual input. we measured human judgments of interactiveness between two moving elements and the dynamic change in such judgments over time. a hierarchical model was developed to account for human performance in this task. the model represents interactivity using latent variables and learns the distribution of critical movement features that signal potential interactivity. the model provides a good fit to human judgments and can also be generalized to the original heider–simmel animations (1944). the model can also synthesize decontextualized animations with a controlled degree of interactiveness, providing a viable tool for studying animacy and social perception.”

Shu, T., Peng, Y., Zhu, S. C., & Lu, H.. (2021). A unified psychological space for human perception of physical and social events. Cognitive Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2021.101398
DOI URL
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“One of the great feats of human perception is the generation of quick impressions of both physical and social events based on sparse displays of motion trajectories. here we aim to provide a unified theory that captures the interconnections between perception of physical and social events. a simulation-based approach is used to generate a variety of animations depicting rich behavioral patterns. human experiments used these animations to reveal that perception of dynamic stimuli undergoes a gradual transition from physical to social events. a learning-based computational framework is proposed to account for human judgments. the model learns to identify latent forces by inferring a family of potential functions capturing physical laws, and value functions describing the goals of agents. the model projects new animations into a sociophysical space with two psychological dimensions: an intuitive sense of whether physical laws are violated, and an impression of whether an agent possesses intentions to perform goal-directed actions. this derived sociophysical space predicts a meaningful partition between physical and social events, as well as a gradual transition from physical to social perception. the space also predicts human judgments of whether individual objects are lifeless objects in motion, or human agents performing goal-directed actions. these results demonstrate that a theoretical unification based on physical potential functions and goal-related values can account for the human ability to form an immediate impression of physical and social events. this ability provides an important pathway from perception to higher cognition.”

Brown, M. I., Ratajska, A., Hughes, S. L., Fishman, J. B., Huerta, E., & Chabris, C. F.. (2019). The social shapes test: A new measure of social intelligence, mentalizing, and theory of mind. Personality and Individual Differences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.035
DOI URL
directSciHub download

Show/hide publication abstract

“Although individual differences in the ability known as social intelligence are important to many areas of psychological science, there are few validated measures of this capacity. existing measures often involve complex verbal materials, focus on images of human faces, or are based on self-report judgments. here we describe the development and validation of a new measure of social intelligence: the social shapes test (sst). the sst is inspired by the work of heider and simmel (1944), klin (2000), and recent applications of their work in social and clinical neuroscience studies of mentalizing and theory of mind. each sst item consists of a short video of 4–6 simple geometric shapes that are animated to simulate social interactions, paired with an objectively scored, multiple-choice question. scores on the sst predict performance on measures of social intelligence beyond the effects of cognitive ability. sst scores are also distinct from cognitive abilities and do not appear to vary based on sex, race/ethnicity, or current affect. with just 23 engaging items and a duration of about 10 minutes, the sst is a convenient tool for researchers to measure social intelligence, alone or in combination with other established measures.”

Lück, H. E.. (2006). Die heider-simmel-studie (1944) in neueren replikationen. Gruppendynamik Und Organisationsberatung

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11612-006-0021-0
DOI URL
directSciHub download

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“More than sixty years ago fritz heider and marianne simmel conducted an experimental study, which can be seen as the starting point of attribution theory research. moving symbols were shown during a short animated cartoon which ss unanimously described as living objects (mostly people). this quite often quoted study has been replicated several times in germany in the last few years. these replications show that (1) stories produced by ss are formed by personal motivations of ss, and that (2) content of stories can in part be attributed to the research settings and finally (3) it is shown in recent replications that ss are surprisingly far less inclined to describe the symbols in terms of acting persons or animals than in the original study. possible reasons for these results are discussed.”

Schuster, B. A., Fraser, D. S., van den Bosch, J. J. F., Sowden, S., Gordon, A. S., Huh, D., & Cook, J. L.. (2021). Kinematics and observer-animator kinematic similarity predict mental state attribution from Heider–Simmel style animations. Scientific Reports

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97660-2
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“The ability to ascribe mental states, such as beliefs or desires to oneself and other individuals forms an integral part of everyday social interaction. animations tasks, in which observers watch videos of interacting triangles, have been extensively used to test mental state attribution in a variety of clinical populations. compared to control participants, individuals with clinical conditions such as autism typically offer less appropriate mental state descriptions of such videos. recent research suggests that stimulus kinematics and movement similarity (between the video and the observer) may contribute to mental state attribution difficulties. here we present a novel adaptation of the animations task, suitable to track and compare animation generator and -observer kinematics. using this task and a population-derived stimulus database, we confirmed the hypotheses that an animation’s jerk and jerk similarity between observer and animator significantly contribute to the correct identification of an animation. by employing random forest analysis to explore other stimulus characteristics, we reveal that other indices of movement similarity, including acceleration- and rotation-based similarity, also predict performance. our results highlight the importance of movement similarity between observer and animator and raise new questions about reasons why some clinical populations exhibit difficulties with this task.”

Roemmele, M., Morgens, S. M., Gordon, A. S., & Morency, L. P.. (2016). Recognizing human actions in the motion trajectories of shapes. In International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Proceedings IUI

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1145/2856767.2856793
DOI URL
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“People naturally anthropomorphize the movement of nonliving objects, as social psychologists fritz heider and marianne simmel demonstrated in their influential 1944 research study. when they asked participants to narrate an animated film of two triangles and a circle moving in and around a box, participants described the shapes’ movement in terms of human actions. using a framework for authoring and annotating animations in the style of heider and simmel, we established new crowdsourced datasets where the motion trajectories of animated shapes are labeled according to the actions they depict. we applied two machine learning approaches, a spatial-temporal bag-of-words model and a recurrent neural network, to the task of automatically recognizing actions in these datasets. our best results outperformed a majority baseline and showed similarity to human performance, which encourages further use of these datasets for modeling perception from motion trajectories. future progress on simulating human-like motion perception will require models that integrate motion information with top-down contextual knowledge.”

Wick, F. A., Soce, A. A., Garg, S., Grace, R. C., & Wolfe, J. M.. (2019). Perception in dynamic scenes: What is your Heider capacity?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/xge0000557
DOI URL
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“The classic animation experiment by heider and simmel (1944) revealed that humans have a strong tendency to impose narrative even on displays showing interactions between simple geometric shapes. in their most famous animation with three simple shapes, observers almost inevitably interpreted them as rational agents with intentions, desires, and beliefs (‘That nasty big triangle!’). much work on dynamic scenes has identified basic visual properties that can make shapes seem animate. here, we investigate the limits on the ability to use narrative to share information about animated scenes. we created 30 second heider-style cartoons with 3-9 items. item trajectories were generated automatically by a simple set of rules, but without a script. in experiments 1 and 2, 10 observers wrote short narratives for each cartoon. next, new observers were shown a cartoon and then presented with a narrative generated for that specific cartoon or one generated for a different cartoon having the same items. observers rated the fit of the narrative to the cartoon on a scale from 1 (clearly does not fit) to 5 (clearly fits). performance declined markedly when the number of items was larger than 3. experiment 3 had observers determine if a short clip of a cartoon came from a longer clip. experiment 4 had observers determine which of two narratives fit a cartoon. finally, in experiment 5, narratives always mentioned every item in a display. in all cases of matching narrative to cartoon, performance drops most dramatically between 3 and 4 items.”

Jack, A., & Pelphrey, K. A.. (2015). Neural correlates of animacy attribution include neocerebellum in healthy adults. Cerebral Cortex

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu146
DOI URL
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“Recent work suggests that biological motion perception is supported by interactions between posterior superior temporal sulcus (psts) and regions of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum. however, insufficient attention has been given to cerebellar contributions to most other social cognitive functions, including ones that rely upon the use of biological motion cues for making mental inferences. here, using adapted heider and simmel stimuli in a passive-viewing paradigm, we present functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence detailing cerebellar contributions to animacy attribution processes in healthy adults. we found robust cerebellar activity associated with viewing animate versus random movement in hemispheric lobule vii bilaterally as well as in vermal and paravermal lobule ix. stronger activity in left crus i and lobule vi was associated with a greater tendency to describe the stimuli in social-affective versus motionrelated terms. psychophysiological interaction analysis indicated preferential effective connectivity between right psts and left crus ii during the viewing of animate than random stimuli, controlling for individual variance in social attributions. these findings indicate that lobules vi, vii, and ix participate in social functions even when no active response is required. this cerebellar activity may also partially explain individual differences in animacy attribution.”

Pavlova, M., Guerreschi, M., Lutzenberger, W., & Krägeloh-Mann, I.. (2010). Social interaction revealed by motion: Dynamics of neuromagnetic gamma activity. Cerebral Cortex

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp304
DOI URL
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Show/hide publication abstract

“Perception of dispositions of others revealed by movement is an essential ingredient of adaptive daily-life social behavior. brain imaging points to several brain regions involved in visual processing of social interaction represented by motion of geometric shapes. however, temporal interrelations among these regions remain unknown. keeping in mind that successful visual social perception depends on intact communication throughout the brain, we focus here on analysis of the induced gamma neuromagnetic response to social interaction revealed by motion. a peak of induced gamma activity of 62 hz was found at 1 s from the stimulus onset over the right parieto-temporal junction. two further enhancements in gamma response of lower frequency of 44 hz occurred at 1.4 s over the medial prefrontal and posterior temporal cortices in the right hemisphere. subsequent boosts of 44 hz were found at 1.6 s over the left temporal and right posterior temporal cortices. for the first time, the findings identify the cortical network engaged in visual processing of social interaction revealed by motion and help to better understand proper functioning of the social brain circuitry. © the authors 2010.”

CSS3 easing

With CSS3 easing and tweening object can be animated and given the impression of “aliveness”). For a psychological perspective on movement perception in animations see the entry on the Heider-Simmer Illusion.

<easing-function>

The <easing-function> CSS data type denotes a mathematical function that describes the rate at which a numerical value changes.

This transition between two values may be applied in different situations. It may be used to describe how fast values change during animations. This lets you vary the animation’s speed over the course of its duration. It may also be used to interpolate between two colors in a color gradient.

The easing functions in the cubic-bezier subset of easing functions are often called “smooth” easing functions, because they can be used to smooth down the start and end of the interpolation. They correlate an input ratio to an output ratio, both expressed as <number>s. For these values, 0.0 represents the initial state, and 1.0 represents the final state.

Depending on the specific function used, the calculated output can sometimes grow to be greater than 1.0 or smaller than 0.0 during the course of an animation. This causes the value to go farther than the final state, and then return. In animations, for some properties, such as left or right, this creates a kind of “bouncing” effect.

However, certain properties will restrict the output if it goes outside an allowable range. For example, a color component greater than 255 or smaller than 0 will be clipped to the closest allowed value (255 and 0, respectively). Some cubic-bezier() curves exhibit this property.

Syntax

There are three types of easing function: linear, cubic Bézier curves, and staircase functions. The value of an <easing-function> type describes the easing function using one of those three types.

Easing functions

CSS supports three kinds of easing functions: linear, the subset of the cubic Bézier curves that are functions, and staircase functions. The most useful of these functions are given a keyword that allows them to be easily referenced.

The linear class of easing functions

linear

A graph with X and Y ranges from 0 to 1, with the X axis labeled 'Time ratio' and the Y axis labeled 'Output ratio.' A straight diagonal line extends from the origin to the X 1 Y 1 position.

The interpolation is done at a constant rate from beginning to end. This keyword represents the easing function cubic-bezier(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0).

The cubic-bezier() class of easing functions

The cubic-bezier() functional notation defines a cubic Bézier curve. As these curves are continuous, they are often used to smooth down the start and end of the interpolation and are therefore sometimes called easing functions.

A cubic Bézier curve is defined by four points P0, P1, P2, and P3. P0 and P3 are the start and the end of the curve and, in CSS these points are fixed as the coordinates are ratios (the abscissa the ratio of time, the ordinate the ratio of the output range). P0 is (0, 0) and represents the initial time or position and the initial state, P3 is (1, 1) and represents the final time or position and the final state.

Not all cubic Bézier curves are suitable as easing functions as not all are mathematical functions; i.e., curves that for a given abscissa have zero or one value. With P0 and P3 fixed as defined by CSS, a cubic Bézier curve is a function, and is therefore valid, if and only if the abscissas of P1 and P2 are both in the [0, 1] range.

Cubic Bézier curves with the P1 or P2 ordinate outside the [0, 1] range may generate bouncing effects.

When you specify an invalid cubic-bezier curve, CSS ignores the whole property.

Syntax

<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>x1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> x2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

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						<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>x1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> x2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

where:

x1, y1, x2, y2: Are <number> values representing the abscissas, and ordinates of the P1 and P2 points defining the cubic Bézier curve. x1 and x2 must be in the range [0, 1] or the value is invalid.

Keywords for common cubic-bezier easing functions

ease

A graph with X and Y ranges from 0 to 1, with the X axis labeled 'Time ratio' and the Y axis labeled 'Output ratio.' A curving line extends from the origin to the X 1 Y 1 position, quickly rising and arcing.

The interpolation starts slowly, accelerates sharply, and then slows gradually towards the end. This keyword represents the easing function cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1.0). It is similar to ease-in-out, though it accelerates more sharply at the beginning.

ease-in

A graph with X and Y ranges from 0 to 1, with the X axis labeled 'Time ratio' and the Y axis labeled 'Output ratio.' A slightly curving line extends from the origin to the X 1 Y 1 position, with most of the curve close to the origin, straightening out as it approaches X 1 Y 1.

The interpolation starts slowly, and then progressively speeds up until the end, at which point it stops abruptly. This keyword represents the easing function cubic-bezier(0.42, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0).

`ease-in-out`

A graph with X and Y ranges from 0 to 1, with the X axis labeled 'Time ratio' and the Y axis labeled 'Output ratio.' A slightly curving line extends from the origin to the X 1 Y 1 position. The curve is symmetrical, resembling a stretched out letter S.

The interpolation starts slowly, speeds up, and then slows down towards the end. This keyword represents the easing function cubic-bezier(0.42, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0). At the beginning, it behaves like the ease-in function; at the end, it is like the ease-out function.

ease-out

A graph with X and Y ranges from 0 to 1, with the X axis labeled 'Time ratio' and the Y axis labeled 'Output ratio.' A slightly curving line extends from the origin to the X 1 Y 1 position, starting as an almost straight diagonal line and curving as it gets close to X 1 Y 1.

The interpolation starts abruptly, and then progressively slows down towards the end. This keyword represents the easing function cubic-bezier(0.0, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0).

The steps() class of easing functions

The steps() functional notation defines a step function dividing the domain of output values in equidistant steps.This subclass of step functions are sometimes also called staircase functions.

Syntax

<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>number_of_steps<span class="token punctuation">,</span> direction<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

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						<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>number_of_steps<span class="token punctuation">,</span> direction<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

where:

number_of_steps

Is a strictly positive <integer>, representing the amount of equidistant treads composing the stepping function.

direction

Is a keyword indicating if it the function is left- or right-continuous:

jump-start denotes a left-continuous function, so that the first step or jump happens when the interpolation begins;
jump-end denotes a right-continuous function, so that the last step or jump happens when the interpolation ends;
jump-both denotes a right and left continuous function, includes pauses at both the 0% and 100% marks, effectively adding a step during the interpolation iteration;
jump-none There is no jump on either end. Instead, holding at both the 0% mark and the 100% mark, each for 1/n of the duration
start is the equivalent of jump-start
end is the equivalent of jump-end

end is the default.

steps( n, <direction> )

steps(2, jump-start) steps(2, start)
steps(4, jump-end) steps(4, end)
steps(5, jump-none)
steps(3, jump-both)

step-start

A graph with X and Y ranges from 0 to 1, with the X axis labeled 'Time ratio' and the Y axis labeled 'Output ratio.' Two dots are present, the first at the X 0 Y 0 position, and the second at the X 1 Y 1 position. The second dot has a horizontal lines extending 1 units back towards the Y axis. The interpolation jumps immediately to its final state, where it stays until the end. This keyword represents the easing function steps(1, jump-start) or steps(1, start).

step-end

A graph with X and Y ranges from 0 to 1, with the X axis labeled 'Time ratio' and the Y axis labeled 'Output ratio.' Two dots are present, the first at the X 0 Y 0 position, and the second at the X 1 Y 1 position. The first dot has a horizontal lines extending 1 unit forwards away from the Y axis. The interpolation stays in its initial state until the end, at which point it jumps directly to its final state. This keyword represents the easing function steps(1, jump-end) or steps(1, end).

Examples

Easing function comparison

This example creates an animation that can be started and stopped again using the provided button, and a select menu that can be used to switch its easing function between the available keywords, plus a couple of cubic-bezier() and steps() options. The idea is to provide an easy comparison between different easing functions.

HTML

<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>ul<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>button <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>animation-button<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>Start animation<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>button<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>label <span class="token attr-name">for</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>easing-select<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>Choose an easing function:<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>label<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>select <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>easing-select<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option <span class="token attr-name">selected</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>linear<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease-in<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease-in-out<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease-out<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>cubic-bezier(0.1, -0.6, 0.2, 0)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>cubic-bezier(0, 1.1, 0.8, 4)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>steps(5, end)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>steps(3, start)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>steps(4)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>select<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>ul<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>

				
					
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						<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>ul<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>button <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>animation-button<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>Start animation<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>button<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>label <span class="token attr-name">for</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>easing-select<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>Choose an easing function:<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>label<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>select <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>easing-select<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option <span class="token attr-name">selected</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>linear<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease-in<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease-in-out<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>ease-out<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>cubic-bezier(0.1, -0.6, 0.2, 0)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>cubic-bezier(0, 1.1, 0.8, 4)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>steps(5, end)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>steps(3, start)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
      <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>steps(4)<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>option<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>select<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
  <span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>li<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>ul<span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
 

					

			

CSS

<span class="token selector">body &gt; div</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> relative<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token selector">div &gt; div</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> absolute<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">background-color</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> blue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">background-image</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token function">radial-gradient</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>circle at 10px 10px<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">rgba</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>25<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>0.8<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token function">rgba</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>25<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>0.4<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">border-radius</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">top</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 25px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">animation</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 1.5s infinite alternate<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token atrule"><span class="token rule">@keyframes</span> move-right</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token selector">from</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token property">left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 10%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

  <span class="token selector">to</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token property">left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 90%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token selector">li</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token property">display</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> flex<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">align-items</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">justify-content</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">margin-bottom</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 20px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

				
					
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						<span class="token selector">body &gt; div</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> relative<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
 
<span class="token selector">div &gt; div</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> absolute<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">background-color</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> blue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">background-image</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token function">radial-gradient</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>circle at 10px 10px<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">rgba</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>25<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>0.8<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token function">rgba</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>25<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>255<span class="token punctuation">,</span>0.4<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">border-radius</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">top</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 25px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">animation</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 1.5s infinite alternate<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
 
<span class="token atrule"><span class="token rule">@keyframes</span> move-right</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token selector">from</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token property">left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 10%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
 
  <span class="token selector">to</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token property">left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 90%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
 
<span class="token selector">li</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token property">display</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> flex<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">align-items</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">justify-content</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">margin-bottom</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 20px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
 

					

			

JavaScript

<span class="token keyword">const</span> selectElem <span class="token operator">=</span> document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">querySelector</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'select'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> startBtn <span class="token operator">=</span> document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">querySelector</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'button'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> divElem <span class="token operator">=</span> document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">querySelector</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'div &gt; div'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'click'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>textContent <span class="token operator">===</span> <span class="token string">'Start animation'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationName <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'move-right'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>textContent <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'Stop animation'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationTimingFunction <span class="token operator">=</span> selectElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>value<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationName <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'unset'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>textContent <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'Start animation'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

selectElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'change'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationTimingFunction <span class="token operator">=</span> selectElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>value<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

				
					
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						<span class="token keyword">const</span> selectElem <span class="token operator">=</span> document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">querySelector</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'select'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> startBtn <span class="token operator">=</span> document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">querySelector</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'button'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> divElem <span class="token operator">=</span> document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">querySelector</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'div &gt; div'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
 
startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'click'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>textContent <span class="token operator">===</span> <span class="token string">'Start animation'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationName <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'move-right'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>textContent <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'Stop animation'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationTimingFunction <span class="token operator">=</span> selectElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>value<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationName <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'unset'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    startBtn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>textContent <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'Start animation'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
 
selectElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'change'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  divElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>style<span class="token punctuation">.</span>animationTimingFunction <span class="token operator">=</span> selectElem<span class="token punctuation">.</span>value<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
 

					

			

Result

cubic-bezier() function examples

These cubic Bézier curves are valid for use in CSS:

<span class="token comment">/* The canonical Bézier curve with four &lt;number&gt; in the [0,1] range. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.7<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1.0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* Using &lt;integer&gt; is valid as any &lt;integer&gt; is also a &lt;number&gt;. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* Negative values for ordinates are valid, leading to bouncing effects.*/</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> -0.6<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* Values &gt; 1.0 for ordinates are also valid. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.8<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 4<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

				
					
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						<span class="token comment">/* The canonical Bézier curve with four &lt;number&gt; in the [0,1] range. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.7<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1.0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* Using &lt;integer&gt; is valid as any &lt;integer&gt; is also a &lt;number&gt;. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* Negative values for ordinates are valid, leading to bouncing effects.*/</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> -0.6<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* Values &gt; 1.0 for ordinates are also valid. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.8<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 4<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 

					

			

These cubic Bézier curves definitions are invalid:

<span class="token comment">/* Though the animated output type may be a color,
   Bézier curves work w/ numerical ratios.*/</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> red<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1.0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> green<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* Abscissas must be in the [0, 1] range or
   the curve is not a function of time. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2.45<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.6<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 4<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* The two points must be defined, there is no default value. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 2.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* Abscissas must be in the [0, 1] range or
   the curve is not a function of time. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>-1.9<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> -0.2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 2.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

				
					
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						<span class="token comment">/* Though the animated output type may be a color,
   Bézier curves work w/ numerical ratios.*/</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> red<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 1.0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> green<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* Abscissas must be in the [0, 1] range or
   the curve is not a function of time. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2.45<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.6<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 4<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* The two points must be defined, there is no default value. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0.3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 2.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* Abscissas must be in the [0, 1] range or
   the curve is not a function of time. */</span>
<span class="token function">cubic-bezier</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>-1.9<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 0.3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> -0.2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> 2.1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 

					

			

steps() function examples

These easing functions are valid:

<span class="token comment">/* There is 5 treads, the last one happens
   right before the end of the animation. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>5<span class="token punctuation">,</span> end<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* A two-step staircase, the first one happening
   at the start of the animation. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* The second parameter is optional. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

				
					
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						<span class="token comment">/* There is 5 treads, the last one happens
   right before the end of the animation. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>5<span class="token punctuation">,</span> end<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* A two-step staircase, the first one happening
   at the start of the animation. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* The second parameter is optional. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 

					

			

Note: If the animation contains multiple stops, then the steps specified in the steps() function will apply to each section. Therefore an animation with three segments and steps(2) will contain 6 steps in total, 2 per segment.

These easing function are invalid:

<span class="token comment">/* The first parameter must be an &lt;integer&gt; and
   cannot be a real value, even if it is equal to one. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2.0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> jump-end<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* The amount of steps must be non-negative. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>-3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">/* There must be at least one step.*/</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> jump-none<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

				
					
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						<span class="token comment">/* The first parameter must be an &lt;integer&gt; and
   cannot be a real value, even if it is equal to one. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>2.0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> jump-end<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* The amount of steps must be non-negative. */</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>-3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
<span class="token comment">/* There must be at least one step.*/</span>
<span class="token function">steps</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> jump-none<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 

					

			

Specifications

Specification	Status	Comment
CSS Easing Functions Level 1 The definition of ‘<easing-function>’ in that specification.	Candidate Recommendation	Initial definition.

Browser compatibility

Report problems with this compatibility data on GitHub

	desktop						mobile
	Chrome	Edge	Firefox	Internet Explorer	Opera	Safari	WebView Android	Chrome Android	Firefox for Android	Opera Android	Safari on iOS	Samsung Internet
`<easing-function>`	Full support4	Full support12	Full support4	Full support10	Full support10.5	Full support3.1	Full support4	Full support18	Full support4	Full support11	Full support2	Full support1.0
`cubic-bezier()` with ordinate ∉ [0,1]	Full support16	Full support12	Full support4	Full support10	Full support12.1	Full support6	Full support4.4	Full support18	Full support4	Full support14	Full support6	Full support1.0
`steps()` with `start`, `end` or no direction	Full support8	Full support12	Full support4	Full support10	Full support12.1	Full support5.1	Full support4	Full support18	Full support4	Full support14	Full support5	Full support1.0
`jump-` keywords for `steps()`	Full support77	Full support79	Full support65	No supportNo	Full support64	Full support14	Full support77	Full support77	Full support65	Full support55	Full support14	Full support12.0

Full supportFull support

No supportNo support

JAB code

JAB Code is a color two-dimensional matrix symbology whose basic symbols are made of colorful square modules arranged in either square or rectangle grids. JAB Code has two types of basic symbols, named as primary symbol and secondary symbol. A JAB Code contains one primary symbol and optionally multiple secondary symbols. Primary symbols contain four finder patterns located at the corners of the symbol, while secondary symbols contain no finder pattern. A secondary symbol can be docked to a primary symbol or another docked secondary symbol in either horizontal or vertical direction. JAB Code can encode from small to large amount of data correlated to user-specified percentages of error correction.

https://jabcode.org/create

technical specification

source code

3D Text (CSS3)

https://codepen.io/mandymichael/pen/bWqyMN

https://codepen.io/comehope/pen/GdrrZq

image-rendering: auto;

image-rendering: pixelated; (-ms-interpolation-mode: nearest-neighbor)

image-rendering: crisp-edges; (-webkit-optimize-contrast)

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<easing-function>

The linear class of easing functions

linear

The cubic-bezier() class of easing functions

Syntax

Keywords for common cubic-bezier easing functions

ease

ease-in

ease-in-out

ease-out

The steps() class of easing functions

Syntax

steps( n, <direction> )

step-start

step-end

HTML

CSS

JavaScript

Result

Legend

`ease-in-out`